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  • ...tution provides Congress with broad authority to lay and collect taxes for federal debts, the common defense, and the general welfare.<ref><span id="ALDF_0002 ...ns, payment was not possible. . . . Beyond the repayment of war debts, the federal goals were quite modest. The operating budget was only about $450,000 . . .
    96 KB (14,774 words) - 04:34, September 13, 2023
  • ### Article III: a limit on power of federal courts to hear certain kinds of cases ##### when authorized by a federal statute
    139 KB (21,256 words) - 01:27, March 26, 2022
  • ...fficers to rummage through homes in an unrestrained search for evidence of criminal activity").</span></ref> Although it does not appear to have been discussed ...e seizure of all of a person's papers rather than only those alleged to be criminal in nature "contrary to the genius of the law of England."<ref><span id="ALD
    370 KB (57,962 words) - 04:29, September 13, 2023
  • 3. Federal structure / Federalism • 3. Federal Structure o Separation of powers of Legis, Exec, and Judicial btw first 3 A
    228 KB (35,189 words) - 16:41, March 14, 2023
  • ...nvey a message. Yet if taken to the extreme, it would mean virtually every criminal law would have to meet strict scrutiny. Reasoning: Is the depravation of a federal right fairly attributable to the state?
    268 KB (42,125 words) - 13:54, June 30, 2023
  • * ESSF/104a (preponderance of evidence) < Criminal Conviction (beyond a reasonable doubt) **** o Prior criminal conviction? [609] For felony, 403 test for non-crim D, reverse 403 for crim
    189 KB (28,332 words) - 01:27, March 26, 2022
  • After examining the historical practice related to recognition and other functional considerations, the Supreme Cou ...l government; (4) power that stems implicitly from the duty to enforce the criminal statutes of the United States; and (5) power to carry out the so-called "mi
    167 KB (25,521 words) - 04:44, September 13, 2023
  • **o State and Federal public health systems that track infectious diseases, require certain food ...ice of health plan is implicated by subsidies and exchanges created by the Federal Law and coverages mandated by the law
    180 KB (28,200 words) - 01:36, March 26, 2022
  • ####* (i) “federal programs that set prices, performance standards, entry requirements, schedu *# In practice, standards are not frequently updated due to bureaucratic inertia.
    210 KB (31,927 words) - 19:57, January 22, 2020
  • ...''[[Takahashi v. Fish &amp; Game Comm.]]'', 334 U.S. 410, 419 (1948) ("The Federal Government has broad constitutional powers in determining what aliens shall ...regulate the status of aliens derives from various sources, including the Federal Government's power '[t]o establish [a] uniform Rule of Naturalization' . .
    180 KB (27,179 words) - 04:35, September 13, 2023
  • ...'[[Nixon]]'', 433 U.S. at 468-76 (citing ''[[Cummings]]'' in case applying federal Bill of Attainder Clause).</span></ref> ...ed that it was appropriate for the Framers also to ban the practice in the federal constitution, "add[ing] this constitutional bulwark in favor of personal se
    83 KB (13,244 words) - 04:37, September 13, 2023
  • ...nder § 1983 is analyzed ''infra'' [[Section 1983 Litigation/Enforcement of Federal Statutes Under § 1983]]. The other essential element of the § 1983 claim, Plaintiffs may enforce a wide range of federal constitutional rights under § 1983 against defendants who acted under colo
    205 KB (30,427 words) - 13:52, October 8, 2023
  • ...2d Cir. 2013) (to determine whether defendant violated clearly established federal law, issue “is not how courts or lawyers might have understood the state ...is often pertinent in determining whether she violated clearly established federal law.<ref>''See, e.g''., Amore v. Novarro, 624 F.3d 522, 535 (2d Cir. 2010)
    74 KB (10,916 words) - 22:38, September 26, 2023
  • to registration practice before the Patent and Trademark Office should check the rules of practice, the Official
    322 KB (50,806 words) - 22:41, May 31, 2020
  • ...lliot, The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 107 (2d ed.1836).</span></ref> and because the lesson of Engli ...this point the insurrectionists announced their purpose to enter upon the practice of privateering.""Other calls were made for volunteers to serve three years
    174 KB (27,204 words) - 04:44, September 13, 2023
  • ..." this provision allows the Court to review both decisions of the inferior federal courts and final judgments of state courts, if authorized by Congress.<ref> ...r than reaching the high court on appeal from a state court or an inferior federal court.
    53 KB (8,017 words) - 04:47, September 13, 2023
  • ...egulating Prisons and the Military|First Amend.: Laws Neutral to Religious Practice Regulating Prisons and the Military]] (Free Exercise Clause).</span></ref> ...eference, but one of deep religious conviction"). In a case interpreting a federal conscientious objector statute, the Supreme Court said that "the central co
    127 KB (19,290 words) - 16:15, November 7, 2023
  • ...Belief]].</span></ref> Perhaps most obviously, this provision prevents the federal government from establishing an official national religion akin to the Chur ...form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Neither a state nor the Federal Government can, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any relig
    157 KB (24,096 words) - 15:44, November 7, 2023
  • ## '''''Separation of Powers''''' – if the legislature did make it a criminal act to commit this offense (ex. Smokey the Bear Hype) – is it the role of ...only to the routine sanction. The judge may not consider the D’s possible criminal involvement in the sentencing determination.
    194 KB (30,392 words) - 13:55, June 3, 2023
  • ...against excessive fines guards against abuses of government's punitive or criminal-law-enforcement authority.").</span></ref> As discussed in more detail in t ...rest of the Bill of Rights) was understood originally to apply only to the federal government, the Supreme Court has held its prohibitions were incorporated i
    180 KB (27,855 words) - 04:30, September 13, 2023
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