Template:Infobox Case Brief: Difference between revisions

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<includeonly>{| class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
<noinclude><templatedata>
{
"params": {
"court": {
"label": "Court",
"description": "The name of the court where the case was heard.",
"example": "U.S. Supreme Court"
},
"citation": {
"label": "Citation",
"description": "Court reporter citations. Follow Bluebook formatting conventions. If multiple, separate by asterisk."
},
"date": {
"label": "Date decided",
"description": "The date the decision was handed down. Use a \"[month], [day], [year]\" readable date format",
"example": "April 3, 1974"
},
"appealed_from": {
"label": "Appealed from",
"description": "The court from which the appeal immediately came.",
"example": "U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit"
},
"overturned": {
"label": "Cases that this case overturned",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case overturned. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"partially_overturned": {
"label": "Cases that this case partially overturned",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case overturned in part. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"reaffirmed": {
"label": "Cases that this case reaffirmed",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case reaffirmed. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"questioned": {
"label": "Cases that this case questioned",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case questioned. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"criticized": {
"label": "Cases that this case criticized",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case criticized. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"distinguished": {
"label": "Cases that this case distinguished",
"description": "Any cases or actions from which this case is distinguished. If multiple, separate by asterisk.",
"type": "unknown"
},
"cited": {
"label": "Cases that this case cited",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case cited. If multiple, separate by asterisk."
},
"followed": {
"label": "Cases that this case followed",
"description": "Any cases or actions that this case followed. If multiple, separate by asterisk."
},
"related": {
"label": "Related cases",
"description": "Any related cases or actions. If multiple, separate by asterisk."
},
"Court_opinion_parts": {
"label": "Case Opinions",
"description": "One or more opinion authorship sections (e.g., main opinion, concurring and dissenting opinions)  may be inserted here using the subtemplate \"Court opinion part\". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each separate opinion. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add opinion authorship, please save changes and select \"Edit with form.\"",
"autovalue": "{{Court opinion part <!-- repeat as needed, one for each opinion -->\n| opinion_type          = <!-- \"majority,\" \"plurality,\" \"unanimous,\" \"concurrence,\" \"dissent,\" OR \"concur/dissent\" -->\n| written_by            = \n| joined_by            = }}",
"type": "string",
"suggestedvalues": [
"majority",
"plurality",
"unanimous",
"concurrence",
"dissent",
"concur/dissent"
]
},
"facts": {
"label": "Facts",
"description": "Facts of the case.",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"procedural_history": {
"label": "Procedural History",
"description": "Procedural History of the case.",
"type": "content"
},
"issues": {
"label": "Issues",
"description": "Issues of the case.",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"arguments": {
"label": "Arguments",
"description": "Arguments made by the parties.",
"type": "content"
},
"holding": {
"label": "Holding",
"description": "Holding of the case.",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"judgment": {
"label": "Judgment",
"description": "Judgment of the case.",
"type": "content"
},
"reasons": {
"label": "Reasons",
"description": "Reasons for the holding.",
"type": "content"
},
"rule": {
"label": "Rule",
"description": "Rule(s) applied or formulated in the case.",
"type": "content",
"suggested": true
},
"comments": {
"label": "Comments",
"description": "Comments related to the case.",
"type": "content"
},
"case_text_links": {
"label": "Links",
"description": "One or more links to full case texts or other resources may be inserted here using the subtemplate \"Infobox Case Brief/Case Text Link\". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each link. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add links, please save changes and select \"Edit with form.\"",
"type": "wiki-template-name",
"autovalue": "{{Infobox Case Brief/Case Text Link<!-- repeat as needed, one for each link -->\n|link=\n|source_type=\n|case_text_source=\n}}"
},
"case_videos": {
"label": "Videos",
"description": "Videos (e.g., from Youtube) that describe the case, using the subtemplate \"Infobox Case Brief/Case Video\". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each video. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add links, please save changes and select \"Edit with form.\"",
"type": "wiki-template-name",
"autovalue": "{{Infobox Case Brief/Case Video<!-- repeat as needed, one for each video -->\n|service=\n|id=\n}}"
},
"subject": {
"label": "Primary subject",
"description": "The subject/field of law to which the case pertains.",
"example": "Constitutional Law",
"type": "wiki-page-name"
},
"other_subjects": {
"label": "Additional subjects",
"description": "Additional or minor subjects to which the case pertains. If multiple, separate by asterisk."
}
},
"description": "Provide basic information about a case.",
"paramOrder": [
"court",
"citation",
"date",
"subject",
"other_subjects",
"appealed_from",
"facts",
"procedural_history",
"issues",
"arguments",
"holding",
"judgment",
"reasons",
"rule",
"comments",
"case_text_links",
"case_videos",
"overturned",
"partially_overturned",
"reaffirmed",
"questioned",
"criticized",
"distinguished",
"cited",
"followed",
"related",
"Court_opinion_parts"
],
"format": "block"
}
</templatedata>
'''To create a new case brief, use [[Form:Case Brief]].'''
=Template for Case Information=
{{:Template:Infobox Case Brief/doc}}
=Template for Each Opinion Part=
{{:Template:Court opinion part/doc}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''{{PAGENAME}}''}}{| class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"| '''{{{PAGENAME}}}'''
| colspan="2" style="font-size:larger;"| '''''{{PAGENAME}}'''''
|-
|-
! Court
! Court
Line 9: Line 196:
| {{#arraymap:{{{citation|}}}|*|xcitationx|xcitationx|<br />}}
| {{#arraymap:{{{citation|}}}|*|xcitationx|xcitationx|<br />}}
|-
|-
! Date
! Date decided
|{{#if:{{{date|}}}|[[Decided on::{{{date}}}| ]]|}}
|[[Decided on::{{{date|}}}]]
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{appealed_from|}}} |
{{#if: {{{appealed_from|}}} |
! Appealed from
! Appealed from
{{!}} [[Appealed from::{{{appealed_from|}}}]]
{{!}} [[Appealed from::{{{appealed_from|}}}]]
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{decision_by|}}} |
! Majority opinion
{{!}} [[Written by::{{{decision_by|}}}]]
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{joined_by|}}} |
! Majority opinion
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{joined_by|}}}|*|xjoined_byx|[[Joined by::xjoined_byx]]|<br />}}
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{concurrence|}}} |
! Concurrence
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{concurrence|}}}|*|xconcurrencex|[[Concurrence by::xconcurrencex]]|<br />}}
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{dissent|}}} |
! Dissent
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{dissent|}}}|*|xdissentx|[[Dissent by::xdissentx]]|<br />}}
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{concur_dissent|}}} |
! Concur/dissent
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{concur_dissent|}}}|*|xconcur_dissentx|[[Concur and dissent by::xconcur_dissentx]]|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{overturned|}}} |
{{#if: {{{overturned|}}} |
! Overturned
! Overturned
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{overturned|}}}|*|xoverturnedx|[[Overturned::xoverturnedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{overturned|}}}|*|xoverturnedx|''[[Overturned::xoverturnedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{partially_overturned|}}} |
{{#if: {{{partially_overturned|}}} |
! Partially overturned
! Partially overturned
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{partially_overturned|}}}|*|xpartially_overturnedx|[[Partially overturned::xpartially_overturnedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{partially_overturned|}}}|*|xpartially_overturnedx|''[[Partially overturned::xpartially_overturnedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{reaffirmed|}}} |
{{#if: {{{reaffirmed|}}} |
! Reaffirmed
! Reaffirmed
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{reaffirmed|}}}|*|xreaffirmedx|[[Reaffirmed::xreaffirmedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{reaffirmed|}}}|*|xreaffirmedx|''[[Reaffirmed::xreaffirmedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{questioned|}}} |
{{#if: {{{questioned|}}} |
! Questioned
! Questioned
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{questioned|}}}|*|xquestionedx|[[Questioned::xquestionedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{questioned|}}}|*|xquestionedx|''[[Questioned::xquestionedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{criticized|}}} |
{{#if: {{{criticized|}}} |
! Criticized
! Criticized
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{criticized|}}}|*|xcriticizedx|[[Criticized::xcriticizedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{criticized|}}}|*|xcriticizedx|''[[Criticized::xcriticizedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{distinguished|}}} |
{{#if: {{{distinguished|}}} |
! Distinguished
! Distinguished
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{distinguished|}}}|*|xdistinguishedx|[[Distinguished::xdistinguishedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{distinguished|}}}|*|xdistinguishedx|''[[Distinguished::xdistinguishedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{cited|}}} |
{{#if: {{{cited|}}} |
! Cited
! Cited
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{cited|}}}|*|xcitedx|[[Cited::xcitedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{cited|}}}|*|xcitedx|''[[Cited::xcitedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{followed|}}} |
{{#if: {{{followed|}}} |
! Followed
! Followed
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{followed|}}}|*|xfollowedx|[[Followed::xfollowedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{followed|}}}|*|xfollowedx|''[[Followed::xfollowedx]]''|<br />}}
}}
}}
|-
|-
{{#if: {{{related|}}} |
{{#if: {{{related|}}} |
! Related
! Related
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{related|}}}|*|xrelatedx|[[Related::xrelatedx]]|<br />}}
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{related|}}}|*|xrelatedx|''[[Related::xrelatedx]]''|<br />}}
}}  
}}  
|}
|-
{{#arraymap:{{{subject|}}}|*|xcatcasesx|[[Category:Cases:xcatcasesx]]|\s}}
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Overturned::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{#if:{{{court|}}}|{{!}}[[Category:{{{court|}}} Decisions]]}}
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff6666;" {{!}} '''Overturned by'''
</includeonly><noinclude>{{:Template:Infobox Case Brief/doc}}</noinclude>
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Overturned::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Partially overturned::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ff8080;" {{!}} '''Partially Overturned by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Partially overturned::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Criticized::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffb3b3;" {{!}} '''Criticized by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Criticized::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Questioned::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffcccc;" {{!}} '''Questioned by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Questioned::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Distinguished::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffe6e6;" {{!}} '''Distinguished by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Distinguished::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Cited::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc;" {{!}} '''Cited by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Cited::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Followed::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#66ff66;" {{!}} '''Followed by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Followed::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{#ask:[[Reaffirmed::{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#80ff80;" {{!}} '''Reaffirmed by'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan="2" style="list-style: none;"{{!}}''{{#ask:
[[Reaffirmed::{{PAGENAME}}]]
|format=list
|sep=<br />
}}''
}}
|-
{{#if: {{{Court_opinion_parts|}}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="background-color:#d9d9d9;" {{!}} '''Case Opinions'''
}}
|-
{{{Court_opinion_parts|}}}
|}{{#if:{{{facts|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Facts</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{facts|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{procedural_history|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Procedural History</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{procedural_history|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{issues|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Issues</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{issues|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{arguments|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Arguments</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{arguments|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{holding|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Holding</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{holding|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{judgment|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Judgment</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
[[Has judgment::{{{judgment|}}}]]</div>}}{{#if:{{{reasons|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Reasons</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{reasons|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{rule|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Rule</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{rule|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{comments|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Comments</h3></div>
<div class="case-brief-content">
{{{comments|}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{case_text_links|}}}{{{case_videos|}}}|<div class="case-brief-heading"><h3>Resources</h3></div>
<ul>{{{case_text_links}}}</ul>{{{case_videos|}}}}}
__NOTOC__{{#seo:|title={{PAGENAME}} - Case Brief - Wiki Law School|keywords=case brief,law{{#if: {{{subject|}}}|,{{{subject}}} }},{{PAGENAME}}|description=This page contains a case brief for the case {{PAGENAME}}. A case brief is a one-page review, commonly made by a law student or attorney, used to learn and understand the legal principle applied.}}{{#if: {{{subject|}}}|[[Category:Cases:{{{subject}}}]]{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Category:Cases:{{{subject}}}|alias=''{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}}}''}}|[[Category:Cases:Uncategorized Cases]]{{Breadcrumb|parent_page=Category:Cases:Uncategorized Cases|alias=''{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}}}''}}}}{{#if:{{{court|}}}|[[Category:{{{court|}}} Decisions]]}}{{#if: {{{other_subjects|}}}|{{#arraymap:{{{other_subjects|}}}|*|xcatcasesx|[[Category:Cases:xcatcasesx]]|}}}}<span style="display:none">{{#default_form:Case Brief}}</span></includeonly>

Latest revision as of 21:12, November 15, 2023

Provide basic information about a case.

Template parameters

This template prefers block formatting of parameters.

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
Courtcourt

The name of the court where the case was heard.

Example
U.S. Supreme Court
Unknownoptional
Citationcitation

Court reporter citations. Follow Bluebook formatting conventions. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Date decideddate

The date the decision was handed down. Use a "[month], [day], [year]" readable date format

Example
April 3, 1974
Unknownoptional
Primary subjectsubject

The subject/field of law to which the case pertains.

Example
Constitutional Law
Page nameoptional
Additional subjectsother_subjects

Additional or minor subjects to which the case pertains. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Appealed fromappealed_from

The court from which the appeal immediately came.

Example
U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit
Unknownoptional
Factsfacts

Facts of the case.

Contentsuggested
Procedural Historyprocedural_history

Procedural History of the case.

Contentoptional
Issuesissues

Issues of the case.

Contentsuggested
Argumentsarguments

Arguments made by the parties.

Contentoptional
Holdingholding

Holding of the case.

Contentsuggested
Judgmentjudgment

Judgment of the case.

Contentoptional
Reasonsreasons

Reasons for the holding.

Contentoptional
Rulerule

Rule(s) applied or formulated in the case.

Contentsuggested
Commentscomments

Comments related to the case.

Contentoptional
Linkscase_text_links

One or more links to full case texts or other resources may be inserted here using the subtemplate "Infobox Case Brief/Case Text Link". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each link. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add links, please save changes and select "Edit with form."

Auto value
{{Infobox Case Brief/Case Text Link<!-- repeat as needed, one for each link -->

|link= |source_type= |case_text_source=

}}
Templateoptional
Videoscase_videos

Videos (e.g., from Youtube) that describe the case, using the subtemplate "Infobox Case Brief/Case Video". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each video. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add links, please save changes and select "Edit with form."

Auto value
{{Infobox Case Brief/Case Video<!-- repeat as needed, one for each video -->

|service= |id=

}}
Templateoptional
Cases that this case overturnedoverturned

Any cases or actions that this case overturned. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Page nameoptional
Cases that this case partially overturnedpartially_overturned

Any cases or actions that this case overturned in part. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Page nameoptional
Cases that this case reaffirmedreaffirmed

Any cases or actions that this case reaffirmed. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Page nameoptional
Cases that this case questionedquestioned

Any cases or actions that this case questioned. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Page nameoptional
Cases that this case criticizedcriticized

Any cases or actions that this case criticized. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Page nameoptional
Cases that this case distinguisheddistinguished

Any cases or actions from which this case is distinguished. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Cases that this case citedcited

Any cases or actions that this case cited. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Cases that this case followedfollowed

Any cases or actions that this case followed. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Related casesrelated

Any related cases or actions. If multiple, separate by asterisk.

Unknownoptional
Case OpinionsCourt_opinion_parts

One or more opinion authorship sections (e.g., main opinion, concurring and dissenting opinions) may be inserted here using the subtemplate "Court opinion part". Repeat the entire subtemplate for each separate opinion. Be sure to include the opening and closing double brackets for each subtemplate. For a more user-friendly way to add opinion authorship, please save changes and select "Edit with form."

Suggested values
majority plurality unanimous concurrence dissent concur/dissent
Auto value
{{Court opinion part <!-- repeat as needed, one for each opinion -->

| opinion_type = <!-- "majority," "plurality," "unanimous," "concurrence," "dissent," OR "concur/dissent" --> | written_by =

| joined_by = }}
Stringoptional

To create a new case brief, use Form:Case Brief.

Template for Case Information

This template is to insert in case briefs and provide basic information at a glance.

Usage

Copy and paste the text from the box below into the top of a case brief page. Fill in the data to the right of the equals sign.

See also Template:Court opinion part.

{{Infobox Case Brief
| court                 = 
| citation              = 
| date                  = <!-- example: "April 3, 1974" -->
| subject               = 
| other_subjects        =
| appealed_from         = 
| overturned            = 
| partially_overturned  = 
| reaffirmed            = 
| questioned            = 
| criticized            = 
| distinguished         = 
| cited                 = 
| followed              = 
| related               = 
| facts                 =
| procedural_history    =	
| issues                =
| arguments             =
| holding               =
| judgment              =
| reasons               =
| rule                  =
| comments              =
| case_text_links       = {{Infobox Case Brief/Case Text Link <!-- repeat as needed, one for each link -->
| link                  =
| source_type           =
| case_text_source      = }}
| case_videos            ={{Infobox Case Brief/Case Video <!-- repeat as needed, one for each video -->
|service=
|id=}}
| Court_opinion_parts   = {{Court opinion part <!-- repeat as needed, one for each opinion -->
| opinion_type          = <!-- "majority," "plurality," "unanimous," "concurrence," "dissent," OR "concur/dissent" -->
| written_by            = 
| joined_by             = }}
}}

Template for Each Opinion Part

This template is to insert authorship information about an individual court opinion part (majority, concurrence, etc.) into case briefs.

Usage

Copy and paste the text from the box below into a case brief page within the case brief infobox template to the right of |Court_opinion_parts=. Each opinion part should have its own box on the case brief page. This box can be repeated as many times as needed.

Fill in the data to the right of the equals sign.

{{Court opinion part
| opinion_type          = <!-- "majority," "plurality," "unanimous," "concurrence," "dissent," OR "concur/dissent" -->
| written_by            = 
| joined_by             =  
}}

Description of fields

Field Description
opinion_type One of "majority," "plurality," "unanimous," "concurrence," "dissent," OR "concur/dissent."
written_by The justice who wrote this opinion part.
joined_by The justices who joined the decision. If multiple, separate by asterisk. If the decision was unanimous, simply leave blank.