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The following section is to enter opinion authorship for each opinion part (concurrences, dissents, etc.).
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===Rule=== There must be a well-pleaded complaint. Congress has given the lower federal courts jurisdiction to hear, originally or by removal from a state court, only those cases in which a well-pleaded complaint establishes either that federal law creates the cause of action or that the plaintiff’s right to relief necessarily depends on resolution of a substantial question of federal law.