Editing Contracts/Novation

{{About|the legal term}}
{{Contract law}}

'''Novation''', in [[contract law]] and [[business law]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/understanding_derivatives/understanding_derivatives_chapter_1_derivatives_overview.pdf |title=Derivatives Overview|publisher=Chicago Fed|author=Richard Heckinger and David Mengle}}</ref> is the act of –

# replacing an obligation to perform with another obligation; or
# adding an obligation to perform; or
# replacing a party to an agreement with a new party.

In [[international law]], novation is the acquisition of territory by a [[sovereign state]] through "the gradual transformation of a right ''in territorio alieno'' [in foreign territory] into full sovereignty without any formal and unequivocal instrument to that effect intervening".<ref name=Grant>John P. Grant and J. Craig Barker (eds.), "Novation", in ''Perry & Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law'', 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2009).</ref>

==Origins in Roman law ==

Novati, as a legal term is derived from the Roman law, in which ''novatio'' was of three kinds—substitution of a new debtor (''expromissio'', or ''delegatio''), of a new creditor (''cessio nominum vel actionum''), or of a new contract.<ref name="Chisholm 1911, p. 832">{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Novation |volume=19 |page=832}}</ref>

In [[English law]] the term (though it occurs as early as [[Bracton]]) is scarcely naturalized, the substitution of a new debtor or creditor being generally called an assignment, and of a new contract a merger. It is doubtful, however, whether merger applies except where the substituted contract is one of a higher nature, as where a contract under seal supersedes a simple contract. Where one contract is replaced by another, it is of course necessary that the new contract should be a valid contract, founded upon sufficient consideration (see [[Contract]]). The extinction of the previous contract is sufficient consideration. The question whether there is a novation most frequently arises in the course of dealing between a customer and a new partnership, and on the assignment of the business of a life assurance company with reference to the assent of the policyholders to the transfer of their policies. The points on which novation turns are whether the new firm or company has assumed the liability of the old, and whether, the creditor has consented to accept the liability of the new debtors and discharge the old. The question is one of fact in each case. See especially the [[Life Assurance Companies Act 1872]], s. 7, where the word "novations" occurs in the marginal note to the section, and so has quasi-statutory sanction.<ref name="Chisholm 1911, p. 832"/>

[[Scottish law]] seems to be more stringent than English law in the application of the doctrine of novation, and to need stronger evidence of the creditor's consent to the transfer of liability.<ref name="Chisholm 1911, p. 832"/>

In American law, as in English, the term is something of a novelty, except in [[Louisiana]], where much of the civil law is retain.<ref name="Chisholm 1911, p. 832"/>

==Novation vs. assignment==
In contrast to an [[Assignment (law)|assignment]], which is generally valid as long as the other party is given notice (except where the obligation is specific to the obligor, as in a personal service contract with a specific ballet dancer, or where assignment would place a new and special burden on the counterparty), a novation is valid only with the consent of all parties to the original agreement.<ref name=duha1>{{cite web|last=Duhaime|first=Lloyd|title=Part 6: Restraint of Trade, Assignment, Novation & Frustration|url=http://www.duhaime.org/LegalResources/Contracts/LawArticle-91/Part-6-Restraint-of-Trade-Assignment-Novation-Frustration.aspx|work=duhaime.org|publisher=Duhaime's Contract Law|accessdate=30 July 2013|date=25 May 2012}}</ref>  A contract transferred by the novation process transfers all duties and obligations from the original obligor to the new obligor.

==Examples of novation==
For example, if there exists a contract whereby Dan will give a TV to Alex, and another contract whereby Alex will give a TV to Becky, then, it is possible to novate both contracts and replace them with a single contract wherein Dan agrees to give a TV to Becky. In contrast to assignment, novation requires the consent of all parties. [[Consideration]] is still required for the new contract, but it is usually assumed to be the discharge of the former contract.

Another classic example is when Company A enters a contract with Company B and a novation is included to ensure that if Company B sells, merges or transfers the core of their business to another company, the new company assumes the obligations and liabilities that Company B has with Company A under the contract. So in terms of the contract, a purchaser, merging party or transferee of Company B steps into the shoes of Company B with respect to its obligations to Company A.  Alternatively, a "novation agreement" may be signed after the original contract<ref name=duha2>{{cite web|last=Duhaime|first=Lloyd|title=Novation Definition|url=http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/N/Novation.aspx|work=duhaime.org|publisher=Duhaime's Legal Dictionary|accessdate=30 July 2013|year=2009}}</ref>  in the event of such a change. This is common in contracts with governmental entities; an example being under the United States [[Anti-Assignment Act]], the governmental entity that originally issued the contract must agree to such a transfer or it is automatically invalid by law.

The criteria for novation comprise the obligee's acceptance of the new obligor, the new obligor's acceptance of the liability, and the old obligor's acceptance of the new contract as full performance of the old contract. Novation is not a unilateral contract mechanism, hence allows room for negotiation on the new T&Cs under the new circumstances. Thus, 'acceptance of the new contract as full performance of the old contract' may be read in conjunction to the phenomenon of 'mutual agreement of the T&Cs'.<ref name=duha1 />

==Application in financial markets==
[https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/publications/understanding-derivatives/understanding-derivatives-chapter-1-derivatives-overview-pdf.pdf Novation] is also used in [[Futures contract|futures]] and [[Option (finance)|options]] trading to describe a special situation where the [[Clearing house (finance)|central clearing house]] interposes itself between buyers and sellers as a legal counter party, i.e., the clearing house becomes buyer to every seller and vice versa. This obviates the need for ascertaining credit-worthiness of each counter party and the only [[credit risk]] that the participants face is the risk of the clearing house defaulting. In this context, novation is considered a form of [[financial risk management|risk management]].

The term is also used in markets that lack a centralized clearing system, such as [[Swap (finance)|swap]] trading and certain [[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter (OTC)]] [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]], where "novation" refers to the process where one party to a contract may assign its role to another, who is described as "stepping into" the contract. This is analogous to selling a future contract.

==International law==
Novation is a rare means of acquiring title in international law. Examples include [[Orkney]] and the [[Shetland Islands]],<ref name=Grant/> which were pledged to [[Scotland]] by the [[King of Norway]] in lieu of a debt in 1468. They were annexed by Scotland in 1472; Corsica,<ref name=Grant/> which was only pledged to [[France]] by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] in a [[Treaty of Versailles (1768)|treaty of 1768]]; and [[Belize]],<ref name=Grant/> which was originally only a grant of logging rights to the British by [[Spain]] in the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]. Some cases, like [[Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute|that of Belize]], remain controversial.<ref name=Grant/><ref>See J. H. W. Verzijl, ''International Law in Historical Perspective'', Volume 3: State Territory (A. W. Stijthoff-Leyden, 1970), pp. 387ff.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.chicagofed.org/webpages/publications/understanding_derivatives/index.cfm Understanding Derivatives; Markets and Infrastructure] Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group

[[Category:Business law]]
[[Category:Contract law]]
[[Category:Derivatives (finance)]]