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Editing Contracts/Impracticability
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{{ | {{Contract law}} | ||
The doctrine of '''impracticability''' in the [[common law]] of [[contract]]s excuses performance of a duty, where | The doctrine of '''impracticability''' in the [[common law]] of [[contract]]s excuses performance of a duty, where that duty has become unfeasibly difficult or expensive for the party who was to perform. It is similar in some respects to the doctrine of [[impossibility]] because it is triggered by the occurrence of a condition, the nonoccurrence of which was a basic assumption of the contract. The major difference between impossibility and impracticability, however, is that while impossibility excuses performance where the contractual duty cannot physically be performed, the doctrine of impracticability comes into play where performance is still physically possible, but would be very burdensome for the party whose performance is due. Thus, impossibility is an objective condition, whereas impracticability is a subjective condition for a court to determine. | ||
Typically, the test U.S. courts use for impracticability is as follows (with a few variations between jurisdictions): | |||
# There must be an occurrence of a condition, the nonoccurrence of which was a basic assumption of the contract, | |||
# There must be an occurrence of a condition, | |||
# The occurrence must make performance extremely expensive or difficult | # The occurrence must make performance extremely expensive or difficult | ||
# This difficulty was not anticipated by the parties to the contract (note: some jurisdictions require that there be no measure within the contract itself to [[Risk of loss|allocate risk]] between the parties) | # This difficulty was not anticipated by the parties to the contract (note: some jurisdictions require that there be no measure within the contract itself to [[Risk of loss|allocate risk]] between the parties) | ||
See e.g. ''Transatlantic Financing Corp. v. United States'', [[Case citation|363 F.2d 312]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]], 1966) | |||
==Restatement of Contracts== | ==Restatement of Contracts== | ||
Section 261 of the [[Restatement (Second) of Contracts]] does not explicitly define the scope of what is considered impracticable, as it is a fairly subjective and fact-intensive test for the courts. Generally, courts do not consider events | Section 261 of the [[Restatement (Second) of Contracts]] does not explicitly define the scope of what is considered impracticable, as it is a fairly subjective and fact-intensive test for the courts. Generally, courts typically do not consider events as increases in prices or costs beyond a normal range to allow for discharge of duties on grounds of impracticability, as such events are normally foreseeable risks of fixed-price contracts. | ||
==Uniform Commercial Code== | ==Uniform Commercial Code== | ||
Section 2-615 of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] deals with impracticability in the context of sales of goods, and introduces some additional constraints on the parties. A party whose ability to perform his obligations has only been partially affected must allocate production and delivery among his customers in a manner which is fair and reasonable, affording each of them with partial performance, and must notify all purchasers that there will be delay, partial delivery, or non-delivery. This is similar in some respects to the doctrine of [[general average]] in [[admiralty law]]. | Section 2-615 of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] deals with impracticability in the context of sales of goods, and introduces some additional constraints on the parties. A party whose ability to perform his obligations has only been partially affected must allocate production and delivery among his customers in a manner which is fair and reasonable, affording each of them with partial performance, and must notify all purchasers that there will be delay, partial delivery, or non-delivery. This is similar in some respects to the doctrine of [[general average]] in [[admiralty law]]. | ||
According to note 4 under UCC 2-615, increased cost alone does not excuse performance unless the rise in cost is due to some unforeseen contingency which alters the nature of performance. It further explains that a change in market conditions resulting | According to note 4 under UCC 2-615, increased cost alone does not excuse performance unless the rise in cost is due to some unforeseen contingency which alters the nature of performance. It further explains that a change in market conditions resulting a rise or drop in prices is not sufficient to claim impracticability because the parties assumed that risk when the contract was made. The comments indicate that contingencies such as [[war]], [[embargo]], crop failures, or a failure of a major source of supply that causes the market change or prevents a seller from obtaining supplies necessary for his performance would justify a claim of impracticability. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* ''[[Force majeure]]'' | * ''[[Force majeure]]'' | ||
* [[Impossibility]] | * [[Impossibility]] | ||
[[Category:Contract law]] | |||
[[Category:Equitable defenses]] | |||
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