Editing Contracts/Fundamental breach
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The origins of the idea of fundamental [[breach of contract|breach]] may be traced to early cases on the doctrine of [[Deviation (law)|deviation]]. In ''Davis v. Garrett'' <ref> Case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/D/Davis_v_Garrett_1830_6_Bing_716.html]</ref> Tindal C.J. stated that a carrier's deviation from the agreed voyage route amounted also to a deviation from the terms of the contract, including its exceptions or limitation clauses provided by such a contract. This view was adopted in the leading cases of ''[[Glynn v Margetson]]'' <ref>''Glynn v Margetson''[1893] AC 351 [1907] 1 KB 660</ref><ref>case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/G/Glynn_v_Margetson_1893_AC_351.html]</ref> and ''[[Leduc v Ward]]''.<ref> ''Leduc v Ward'' (1888) 20 QBD 475</ref><ref> Case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/L/Leduc_v_Ward_1888_20_QBD475.html]</ref> | The origins of the idea of fundamental [[breach of contract|breach]] may be traced to early cases on the doctrine of [[Deviation (law)|deviation]]. In ''Davis v. Garrett'' <ref> Case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/D/Davis_v_Garrett_1830_6_Bing_716.html]</ref> Tindal C.J. stated that a carrier's deviation from the agreed voyage route amounted also to a deviation from the terms of the contract, including its exceptions or limitation clauses provided by such a contract. This view was adopted in the leading cases of ''[[Glynn v Margetson]]'' <ref>''Glynn v Margetson''[1893] AC 351 [1907] 1 KB 660</ref><ref>case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/G/Glynn_v_Margetson_1893_AC_351.html]</ref> and ''[[Leduc v Ward]]''.<ref> ''Leduc v Ward'' (1888) 20 QBD 475</ref><ref> Case report [http://www.lawandsea.net/List_of_Cases/L/Leduc_v_Ward_1888_20_QBD475.html]</ref> | ||
In ''Leduc v Ward'' (1888) a vessel bound from Fiume<ref> Fiume is modern day Rijeka</ref> to Dunkirk headed instead towards Glasgow, sinking in a storm in the Clyde estuary. The court held that even though the shipper may have known of the planned deviation, the [[parol evidence rule]] meant that the route described in the bill of lading was conclusive, and that the deviation was actionable, preventing the carrier from invoking the protection of the "[[Hague–Visby Rules#Carriers' duties|perils of the sea]]" exemption.{{fact | In ''Leduc v Ward'' (1888) a vessel bound from Fiume<ref> Fiume is modern day Rijeka</ref> to Dunkirk headed instead towards Glasgow, sinking in a storm in the Clyde estuary. The court held that even though the shipper may have known of the planned deviation, the [[parol evidence rule]] meant that the route described in the bill of lading was conclusive, and that the deviation was actionable, preventing the carrier from invoking the protection of the "[[Hague–Visby Rules#Carriers' duties|perils of the sea]]" exemption.{{fact}} | ||
Similarly, in ''Glynn v Margetson'' (1893) <ref>[1893] AC 351 [1907] 1 KB 660</ref> a vessel carrying Seville oranges from Malaga to Liverpool deviated from the agreed route, by heading first to Burriana (near Valencia). This deviation caused delay and deterioration of the perishable cargo. The carrier relied on a 'liberty clause' in the [[bill of lading]] which purported to allow the vessel 'liberty to visit any port in any order'. In the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]], Lord Herschell LC declared the liberty clause to be an [[exemption clause]] in disguise, adding "The main object of this bill of lading is the carriage of oranges from Malaga to Liverpool". He thus established the '''"main purpose rule"''', holding that no exclusion clause would be allowed to cut into the main purpose of any contract.{{fact | Similarly, in ''Glynn v Margetson'' (1893) <ref>[1893] AC 351 [1907] 1 KB 660</ref> a vessel carrying Seville oranges from Malaga to Liverpool deviated from the agreed route, by heading first to Burriana (near Valencia). This deviation caused delay and deterioration of the perishable cargo. The carrier relied on a 'liberty clause' in the [[bill of lading]] which purported to allow the vessel 'liberty to visit any port in any order'. In the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]], Lord Herschell LC declared the liberty clause to be an [[exemption clause]] in disguise, adding "The main object of this bill of lading is the carriage of oranges from Malaga to Liverpool". He thus established the '''"main purpose rule"''', holding that no exclusion clause would be allowed to cut into the main purpose of any contract.{{fact}} | ||
''[[Tate & Lyle v Hain Steamship Company]]''<ref>iLaw[https://i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.htm?id=142321]</ref> was a further deviation case following this approach. | ''[[Tate & Lyle v Hain Steamship Company]]''<ref>iLaw[https://i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.htm?id=142321]</ref> was a further deviation case following this approach. |