Edit Case Brief: Baker v. Carr

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Facts	Prior to this case, '''state legislatures''' weren't organized by populations.<ref>https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-the-national-constitution-center/us-gov-landmark-supreme-court-cases/v/baker-v-carr?modal=1</ref> In 1962, the less-populous rural America was over-represented in state legislatures all over the country. In ''Colegrove v. Green'', (1946), SCOTUS claimed that redistributing is a political question. SCOTUS won't decide on re-districting.
Procedural History	Baker was a voter in Tennessee. He sued Joe Carr, the Secretary of State for Tennessee ''ex officio''. Baker claimed that he as an urban voter wasn't equally represented in the state legislature; Baker claimed a violation of the equal protection clause under the [[14th Amendment]]. The [https://www.tnmd.uscourts.gov/ district court] dismissed the case as a political question.
Issues	Whether an equal protection challenge to mal-apportionment of state legislatures is a non-justiciable political question.
Arguments
Holding	Re-districting is a justiciable issue for SCOTUS. Apportionment cases can involve no federal constitutional right except one resting on the guaranty of a republican form of government, and complaints based on that clause have been held to present political questions which are non-justiciable.
Judgment
Reasons
Rule	"One person, one vote" Issues involving political questions: a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it the impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly nonjudicial discretion the impossibility of a court’s undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government an unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made the potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question
Comments	'''Dissent''': The present case involves all the elements which have made the [[Guarantee Clause]] cases non-justiciable.

Case Text Links

URL links to full case text	https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-the-national-constitution-center/us-gov-landmark-supreme-court-cases/v/baker-v-carr?modal=1
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URL links to full case text	https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/one-person_one-vote_rule
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URL links to full case text	https://landmarkcases.c-span.org/Case/10/Baker-v.-Carr
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URL links to full case text	https://www.quimbee.com/cases/baker-v-carr
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